Science casa

Although detailed mechanics of the immune response are beyond the scope of this site, it is useful, in the context of developing a custom antibody, to have an overview of how antibodies are produced by the immune system.  When an organism’s immune system encounters a foreign molecule (typically a protein) for the first time, specialized cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells capture the molecule and begin breaking it down so that it can present these antigens to B cell lymphocytes. Once  Antigen  Presentation to the B cell lymphocytes has occurred, a process known as Somatic Hypermutation allows the B cell to begin coding for a new antibody that will contain a unique Antigen Binding Site in the variable region that is capable of binding specifically to an epitope from the antigen. Each B cell lymphocyte produces one unique antibody against one unique epitope. Once antibodies with sufficient specificity to the epitope can be encoded, the B ce...

You may have heard  a pesky little rumor  that the COVID-19 pandemic *might* die down in spring/summer, since the spread of other types of coronavirus tends to peak between December and March. But, again, “it’s hard to know which way this virus will go,” says  Sandra Kesh , MD, an infectious disease specialist and deputy medical director at Westmed Medical Group in Purchase, New York's. At this point, experts simply don't know enough about how COVID-19 spreads, and how shifting weather and temperatures may or may not affect it, according to the center   for disease control and prevention (CDC) Annotherreality is that changing seasons tend to have *less* of an impact on new viruses, says Dr. Kesh, so you can still get sick outside of the typical winter season. And, remember: This is global, so it’s always winter somewhere. As such, the situation could potentially improve in one hemisphere when summer arrives and simultaneously get worse in anothe...

COVID-19 , which is caused by the new coronavirus, has been dominating the news lately. However, you may have first become familiar with the term coronavirus during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. Both COVID-19 and SARS are caused by coronaviruses. The virus that causes SARS is known as SARS-CoV, while the virus that causes COVID-19 is known as SARS-CoV-2. There are also other types of human coronaviruses. Despite their similar name, there are several differences between the coronaviruses that cause COVID-19 and SARS. Keep reading as we explore coronaviruses and how they compare to each other. What is coronavirus? Coronaviruses are a very diverse family of viruses. They have a large host range, which includes humans. However, the greatest amount of coronavirus diversity is seen in batsTrusted Source. Coronaviruses have spiky projections on their surface that look like crowns. Corona means “crown” in Latin — and that’s how this family of viruse...

    Currently, 16 vaccines are covered under the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) in the United States: influenza, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), measles, mumps, rubella, human papillomavirus, meningitis, diphtheria, chicken pox, polio, rotavirus, haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and the pneumonia conjugate vaccine.Some of the more common injuries associated with vaccination are anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), vasovagal syncope (fainting), and SIRVA (shoulder injuries related to vaccine administration).To be eligible for compensation through the VICP, injuries must be deemed severe, defined as symptoms lasting for at least six months or that have caused you to go to a hospital for surgery, or have resulted in death.Vaccine injuries are defined as developing a new illness or aggravating an illness or condition that you already have as a result of receiving a vaccine.Individuals can file VICP claims on behalf of them...

If you look up at the stars at night, then you might think the stars flicker, blink, wink, or twinkle. You might ask yourself, “why do the stars appear to twinkle?” While you may think that the stars are twinkling, they are shining steadily. They only appear to twinkle because of the interaction between your eyes, the starlight, and the Earth’s atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of different levels of temperatures and densities. In addition to the temperature and density differences, there is a lot of wind in the atmosphere. When the star’s light enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it must pass through these layers of temperature differences, density differences, and wind. Moving air in the atmosphere can be called turbulence. The star’s light must enter our atmosphere, but the star’s light does not necessarily move in a straight line through the atmosphere. Instead, the starlight is refracted or is spread around in different directions in the atmosphere. The starligh...

Some medicine that we are using are having photosynthesis property it's means it ready to photo chemical reaction. Something this will be lost it it's physical and chemical properties if any light exposed to on it. For example if that a medicine having 2 years of expiry period, that becomes expired with in 4 hours due to the light exposed to the medicine . If we use it, we will get allergies and side effects .Due to this light energy exposed to the drug it become failures it's called photo degradation. Commonly the ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (UV) have high penetration power. if it exposed to a medicine, that will be losses it's chemical and physical properties. For an example, take an transferable glass bottle which is filled up with photo synthesis medicine. Here the light energy penetrate the medicine so it become changes its physical and chemical properties. Every colour have an frequency including the brownish. This amper colour will hav...